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Sudbury Complex - Frood, Stobie, Creighton, Strathcona, Fraser, Craig, Onaping, Murray, Vermillion, Blezard, Coleman, Copper Cliff, Garson, Totten, Victor, Morrison, McCreedy West, Levack, Podolsky, Victoria |
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Ontario, Canada |
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Ni Cu
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Super Porphyry Cu and Au
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IOCG Deposits - 70 papers
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All papers now Open Access.
Available as Full Text for direct download or on request. |
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The Sudbury sulphide nickel deposits are located within the basal layer of the roughly oval shaped 65 x 25 km, 1.85 Ga Sudbury Igneous Complex in south-western Ontario, Canada (#Location: 46° 31' 5"N, 81° 7' 49"W).
The Sudbury Basin has been interpreted to represent the deeply eroded remains of the impact of a 10 to 15 km diameter bolide at 1849 Ma. This impact formed a 200 to 250 km diameter, multi-ring crater that extended to a depth of 15 km, with a core comprising an elliptical, 60 x 30 km layered 2.5 km thick impact melt sheet referred to as the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC). At the time of impact, a 1 km cross section of country rock surrounding the crater is interpreted to have been instantaneously melted, forming ~31 000 km3 of impact melt which subsequently cooled and differentiated.
This complex cuts both Archaean rocks on the southern margin of the Superior Province, and the Lower Proterozoic of the Huronian Supergroup. It is also less than 10 km to the north of the 1.2 to 1.0 Ga Grenville Front, and lies on a regional, 350 km long zone of linear gravity and magnetic anomalies. It is overlain by the Lower Proterozoic Whitewater Group, an older sequence consisting of an upward progression of conformable heterolithic breccias, a carbonaceous and pyritic argillite and a proximal turbidite unit which occupies a basin shaped structure and is only found within the oval shaped outcrop zone of the SIC.
The complex dips inward throughout at around 30° and is composed of a sequence of norite, gabbros and granophyres. It comprises two main zones, a lower 500 to 2500 m thick Lower Zone of norite and gabbro-norite, grading upwards into quartz- and oxide rich gabbro. The Upper Zone is 1 to 2500 m thick and is mainly a granophyre, with an abruptly transitional margin with the underlying quartz-rich gabbro. The granophyre intrudes the basal Whitewater Group. There is no obvious small scale layering within the complex. A third discontinuous layer is found at the base of the SIC, particularly in embayments into the footwall rocks. This is called the "Sublayer" and contains all of the major Ni-Cu sulphide deposits. The contact with the base of the Lower zone varies from sharp to gradational. It has two facies, namely: i). the Contact Sublayer that is usually <200 m thick and composed of discontinuous lenses of gabbro-norite along the basal contact of the SIC, and ii). the Offset Sublayer that constitutes apophyses or dykes of predominantly quartz-diorite that project outwards into the intruded footwall rocks.
A contact metamorphic halo around 1200 m thick occurs in the footwall rocks which have been brecciated for up to 80 km from the complex - the Sudbury Breccia. The composition of the SIC is strongly influenced by the crustal rocks, with a differing succession through the complex to the north where it cuts the Archaean of the Superior Province - the North Range, and the southern side - the South Range where it intrudes the Lower Proterozoic of the Huronian Supergroup. Differences are also noted in the ores in the two ranges.
There are three main ore types, namely:
i). Contact type massive sulphides in the noritic Sublayer, with a lower layer of massive sulphide enclosing angular wall rock fragments and stringers extending into the footwall, while upwards the massive sulphides grade into a sulphide-matrix breccia and finally to disseminated sulphides;
ii). stockworks of more Cu rich ore in the Sudbury Breccia of the footwall, comprising massive stringers and lenses oriented parallel to the dip of the Sudbury Igneous Complex;
iii). deposits associated with Offset Dykes of quartz-diorite that are sub-radial to sub-parallel to the margins of the SIC, with sulphides present as either lenticular zones of sulphide blebs, or as sheaths of sulphide bleb bearing quartz-diorite or Sudbury Breccia on the margin of the dykes.
The main ores are composed of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and magnetite. Bornite is locally present in higher grade zones, while higher arsenic as arsenides characterises the South Range. The copper rich veins deep in the footwall are dominated by chalcopyrite and cubanite with lesser pentlandite, magnetite and pyrrhotite.
The Sudbury Complex is estimated to have originally contained around 1650 Mt @ 1.2% Ni, 1.03% Cu.
Currently (2022) there are three main, but separate operations exploiting Ni-Cu mineralisation associated with the Sudbury Igneous Complex, as follows.
Vale Ontario Operations:
Remaining Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves as at December 2021 (Vale NI 43-101 Technical Report 2021) were:
Proved + Probable Ore Reserves - 53.835 Mt @ 1.33% Ni, 1.59% Cu, 0.04% Co, 1.16 g/t Pt, 1.38 g/t Pd, 0.43 g/t Au;
Measured + Indicated Mineral Resources - 57.857 Mt @ 1.54% Ni, 2.04% Cu, 0.04% Co, 0.87 g/t Pt, 1.10 g/t Pd, 0.35 g/t Au;
Inferred Mineral Resources - 8.564 Mt @ 2.1% Ni, 2.5% Cu, 0.05% Co, 1.5 g/t Pt, 1.8 g/t Pd, 0.6 g/t Au;
NOTE: Resources are inclusive of Reserves. Resources include the Blezard, Coleman, Copper Cliff, Creighton, Garson, Copper Cliff Pit, Stobie, Totten and Victor mines/areas.
Glencore Integrated Nickel Operations, Sudbury:
Remaining Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves as at December 2021 (Glencore Reserves and Resources Report, 2021) were:
Proved + Probable Ore Reserves - 19.52 Mt @ 1.77% Ni, 0.89% Cu, 0.04% Co, 0.39 g/t Pt, 0.41 g/t Pd;
Measured + Indicated Mineral Resources - 27.8 Mt @ 1.97% Ni, 2.23% Cu, 0.04% Co, 0.88 g/t Pt, 0.99 g/t Pd;
Inferred Mineral Resources - 37.0 Mt @ 0.9% Ni, 2.2% Cu, 0.02% Co, 0.8 g/t Pt, 1.0 g/t Pd;
NOTE: Resources are inclusive of Reserves.
KGHM Operations, Sudbury:
Remaining Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves as at December 2014 (KGHM Reserves and Resources Report, 2014) were:
Proved + Probable Ore Reserves - 0.486 Mt @ 1.49% Ni, 7.92% Cu, 2.27 g/t Pt, 4.91 g/t Pd, 1.01 g/t Au;
Measured + Indicated Mineral Resources - 12.972 Mt @ 1.25% Ni, 0.91% Cu, 0.17 g/t Pt, 0.23 g/t Pd, 0.07 g/t Au;
Inferred Mineral Resources - 4.594 Mt @ 1.43% Ni, 1.16% Cu, 0.41 g/t Pt, 0.58 g/t Pd, 0.16 g/t Au;
NOTE: Resources are inclusive of Reserves. Resources include the Morrison, McCreedy West, Levack and Podolsky mines/areas.
Plus, at Victoria:
Indicated Mineral Resources - 0.482 Mt @ 1.23% Ni, 1.41% Cu, 0.03% Co, 0.47 g/t Pt, 1.35 g/t Pd, 0.22 g/t Au;
Inferred Mineral Resources - 13.081 Mt @ 2.76% Ni, 2.64% Cu, 14.4 g/t Ag, 0.06% Co, 3.08 g/t Pt, 4.45 g/t Pd, 0.97 g/t Au.
HISTORY: Mineralisation was first indicated at Sudbury in 1856, when a surveyor noted magnetic abnormalities that he regarded as strongly suggestive of mineral deposits, especially near what later became the Creighton Mine. The area was subsequently examined by the Geological Survey of Canada, who confirmed "the presence of an immense mass of magnetic trap". Little further work was undertaken until construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway through the previously remote area, made mineral exploration and exploitation more feasible. Mining settlement commenced in 1883 after blasting on a railway cutting exposed a large concentration of nickel and copper mineralisation at what is now the Murray Mine site. The Vermillion Mine, was the first in the structure to be exploited. In 1902, a number of the Sudbury mines were amalgamated to form the International Nickel Company (INCO). In 2006, Vale made a takeover offer and gained control of INCO. In 1928, a number of claims had been purchased by the prospector Thayer Lindsley and the company Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited incorporated to exploit them. In 2007, Falconbridge was acquired by Xstrata plc., which in 2012, was merged with Glencore. KGHM International has operated mines at Sudbury since 2002, and currently (2022) or recently operated the Levack and Morrison, McCreedy West and Podolsky deposits and is developing the Victoria Project. Mining of deposits associated with the Sudbury Igneous Complex has proceeded continuously from 1883 to the present.
The most recent source geological information used to prepare this decription was dated: 2000.
This description is a summary from published sources, the chief of which are listed below.
© Copyright Porter GeoConsultancy Pty Ltd. Unauthorised copying, reproduction, storage or dissemination prohibited.
Sudbury Complex
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Ames D E, Davidson A and Wodicka N, 2008 - Geology of the Giant Sudbury Polymetallic Mining Camp, Ontario, Canada: in Econ. Geol. v.103 pp. 1057-1077
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Ames D E, Golightly J P, Lightfoor P C, Gibson H L 2002 - Vitric compositions in the Onaping Formation and their relationship to the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Sudbury Structure : in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1541-1562
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Bailey J, Lafrance B, McDonald A M, Fedorowich J S, Kamo S and Archibald D A 2004 - Mazatzal-Labradorian-age (1.7-1.6 Ga) ductile deformation of the South Range Sudbury impact structure at the Thayer Lindsley mine, Ontario: in Can. J. Earth Sci. v41 pp 1491-1505
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Begg, G.C., Hronsky, J.A.M., Arndt, N.T., Griffin, W.L., O Reilly, S.Y. and Hayward, N., 2010 - Lithospheric, Cratonic, and Geodynamic Setting of Ni-Cu-PGE Sulfide Deposits: in Econ. Geol. v.105, pp. 1057-1070.
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Beswick A E 2002 - An analysis of compositional variations and spatial relations within Fe-Ni-Cu Sulfide deposits on the North Range of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1487-1508
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Boast M and Spray J G, 2006 - Superimposition of a Thrust-Transfer Fault System on a Large Impact Structure: Implications for Ni-Cu-PGE Exploration at Sudbury: in Econ. Geol. v101 pp 1583-1594
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Card K D, Gupta V K, McGrath P H, 1984 - The Sudbury Structure: Its Regional Geological and Geophysical Setting: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds), The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey Spec. Vol. 1 pp 25-43
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Cawthorn R G 2005 - Contrasting sulphide contents of the Bushveld and Sudbury Igneous Complexes: in Mineralium Deposita v40 pp 1-12
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Coats C J A, Snajdr P 1984 - Ore Deposits of the North Range, Onaping-Levack Area, Sudbury: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds), The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey Spec. Vol. 1 pp 327-346
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Cochrane L B 1984 - Ore Deposits of the Copper Cliff Offset: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds), The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey Spec. Vol. 1 pp 347-359
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Corfu F, Lightfoot P C 1996 - U-Pb geochronology of the sublayer environment, Sudbury igneous complex, Ontario: in Econ. Geol. v91 pp 1263-1269
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Dare S A S, Barnes S-J, Prichard H M and Fisher P C, 2014 - Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Cu-Rich Ores from the McCreedy East Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit (Sudbury, Canada): Implications for the Behavior of Platinum Group and Chalcophile Elements at the End of Crystallization of a Sulfide Liquid : in Econ. Geol. v.109 pp. 343-366
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Dare S A S, Barnes S-J, Prichard H M and Fisher P C, 2010 - The Timing and Formation of Platinum-Group Minerals from the Creighton Ni-Cu-Platinum-Group Element Sulfide Deposit, Sudbury, Canada: Early Crystallization of PGE-Rich Sulfarsenides: in Econ. Geol. v.105 pp. 1071-1096
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Davis, G.C., 1984 - Little Stobie Mine: A South Range Contact Deposit: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds.), The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure, Ontario Geological Survey Spec. Vol. 1 pp. 361-369.
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Dressler B O 1984 - The General Geology of the Sudbury Area: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds), The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey Spec. Vol. 1 pp 57-82
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Farrow C E G, Watkinson D H, 1999 - An Evaluation of the Role of Fluids in Ni-Cu-PGE-Bearing, Mafic-Ultramafic Systems: in Keays R R, Lesher C M, Lightfoot P C, Farrow C E G, (Eds), Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and their Application in Mineral Exploration Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes v13 pp 31-67
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Fedorowich J S, Parrish R R and Sager-Kinsman A, 2006 - U-Pb Dating of a Diabase Dike Resolves the Problem of Mutually Crosscutting Relationships within the Fraser-Strathcona Deep Copper Vein System, Sudbury Basin: in Econ. Geol. v101 pp 1595-1603
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Giroux L A and Benn K, 2005 - Emplacement of the Whistle Dike, the Whistle Embayment and Hosted Sulfides, Sudbury Impact Structure, Based on Anisotropies of Magnetic Susceptibility and Magnetic Remanence: in Econ. Geol. v100 pp 1207-1227
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Goodfellow, R., Consuegra, F.A., Dimitrakopoulos, R. and Lloyd, T., 2012 - Quantifying multi-element and volumetric uncertainty, Coleman McCreedy deposit, Ontario, Canada: in Computers and Geosciences v.42, pp. 71-78.
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Hanley J J and Bray C J, 2009 - The trace metal content of amphibole as a proximity indicator for Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization in the footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada: in Econ. Geol. v104 pp 113-125
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Hanley J J, Mungall J E 2003 - Chlorine enrichment and hydrous alteration of the Sudbury Breccia hosting footwall Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization at the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: in The Canadian Mineralogist v41 pp 857-881
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Hanley J J, Mungall J E, Pettke T, Spooner E T C and Bray C J 2005 - Ore metal redistribution by hydrocarbon-brine and hydrocarbon-halide melt phases, North Range footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada: in Mineralium Deposita v40 pp 237-256
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Huminicki, M.A.E., Sylvester, P.J., Cabri, L.J., Lesher, C.M. and Tubrett, M., 2005 - Quantitative Mass Balance of Platinum Group Elements in the Kelly Lake Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit, Copper Cliff Offset, Sudbury: in Econ. Geol. v.100, pp. 1631-1646.
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Keays R R, Lightfoot P C 1999 - The Role of Meteorite Impact, Source Rocks, Protores and Mafic Magmas in the Genesis of the Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Sulphide Ore Deposits: in Keays R R, Lesher C M, Lightfoot P C, Farrow C E G, (Eds), Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and their Application in Mineral Exploration Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes v13 pp 329-366
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Klimczak C, Wittek A, Doman D and Riller U, 2007 - Fold origin of the NE-lobe of the Sudbury Basin, Canada: Evidence from heterogeneous fabric development in the Onaping Formation and the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in J. of Structural Geology v29 pp 1744-1756
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Li C, Naldrett A J, Coats C J A, Johannessen P 1992 - Platinum, Palladium, Gold, and Copper-rich stringers at the Strathcona Mine, Sudbury: their enrichment by fractionation of a Sulfide liquid: in Econ. Geol. v87 pp 1584-1598
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Lightfoot P C, 2007 - Advances in Ni-Cu-PGE Sulphide Deposit Models and Implications for Exploration Technologies: in Milkereit B, 2007 Proceedings of Exploration 07: Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences, Toronto, Canada, pp. 629-646
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Lightfoot P C, Farrow C E G 2002 - Geology, geochemistry and mineralogy of the Worthington Offset Dike: a genetic model for offset dike mineralization in the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1419-1446
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Lightfoot P C, Keays R R, Doherty W 2001 - Chemical evolution and origin of Nickel Sulfide mineralization in the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada: in Econ. Geol. v96 pp 1855-1875
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Lightfoot P C, Keays R R, Morrison G G, Bite A, Farrell K P 1997 - Geologic and geochemical relationships between contact sublayer, inclusions and the main mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: a case study of the Whistle Mine embayment: in Econ. Geol. v92 pp 647-673
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Lightfoot P C, Keays R R, Morrison G G, Bite A, Farrell K P 1997 - Geochemical relationships in the Sudbury igneous complex: origin of the main mass and offset dikes: in Econ. Geol. v92 pp 289-307
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Magyarosi Z, Watkinson D H, Jones P C 2002 - Mineralogy of Ni-Cu-Platinum-Group Element Sulfide ore in the 800 and 810 orebodies, Copper Cliff South Mine, and P-T-X conditions during the formation of Platinum-Group minerals: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1471-1486
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Mansur, E.T., Barnes, S.-J. and Duran, C.J., 2021 - An overview of chalcophile element contents of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite from magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits: in Mineralium Deposita v.56, pp. 179-204.
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McCormick K A, Fedorowich J S, McDonald A M, James R S 2002 - A textural mineralogical and statistical study of the footwall breccia within the Strathcona embayment of the Sudbury structure: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 125-143
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McCormick K A, Lesher C M, McDonald A M, Fedorowich J S, James R S 2002 - Chlorine and Alkali geochemical halos in the footwall breccia and sublayer Norite at the margin of the Strathcona Embayment, Sudbury structure, Ontario: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1509-1519
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McNamara, G.S., Lesher, C.M. and Kamber, B.S., 2017 - New Feldspar Lead Isotope and Trace Element Evidence from the Sudbury Igneous Complex Indicate a Complex Origin of Associated Ni-Cu-PGE Mineralization Involving Underlying Country Rocks: in Econ. Geol. v.112, pp. 569-590.
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Molnar F, Watkinson D H, Jones P C 2001 - Mutiple hydrothermal processes in footwall units of the North Range, Sudbury Igneous Complex, Canada and implications for the genesis of vein-type Cu-Ni-PGE deposits: in Econ. Geol. v96 pp 1645-1670
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Molnar F, Watkinson D H, Jones P C, Gatter I 1997 - Fluid inclusion evidence for hydrothermal enrichment of magmatic ore at the contact zone of the Ni-Cu-Platinum-Group Element 4b Deposit, Lindsley Mine, Sudbury, Canada: in Econ. Geol. v92 pp 674-685
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Moore C M, Nikolic S 1994 - The Craig Deposit, Sudbury, Ontario: in Lightfoot P C, Naldrett A j (Eds), Proceedings of the Sudbury - Norilsk Symposium Ontario Geological Survey Spec. Vol. 5 pp 77-90
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Morrison G G, Jago B C, White T L 1994 - Footwall Mineralisation of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in Lightfoot P C, Naldrett A j (Eds), Proceedings of the Sudbury - Norilsk Symposium Ontario Geological Survey Spec. Vol. 5 pp 57-64
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Mukwakwami J, Lesher C M and Lafrance B, 2014 - Geochemistry of Deformed and Hydrothermally Mobilized Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE Ores at the Garson Mine, Sudbury : in Econ. Geol. v.109 pp. 367-386
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Mungall J E 2002 - Late-stage Sulfide liquid mobility in the main mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: examples from the Victor Deep, McCreedy East, and Trillabelle deposits: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1563-1576
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Mungall J E, 2007 - Crystallization of magmatic sulfides: An empirical model and application to Sudbury ores: in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta v71 pp 2809-2819
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Murphy A J, Spray J G 2002 - Geology, mineralization and emplacement of the Whistle-Parkin Offset Dike, Sudbury: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1399-1418
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Naldrett A J, Asif M, Schandl E, Searcy T 1999 - Platinum-group elements in the Sudbury ores: significance with respect to the origin of different ore zones and to the exploration for footwall orebodies: in Econ. Geol. v94 pp 185-210
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Naldrett A J, Bray J G, Gasparrini T and Rucklidge J C, 1970 - Cryptic variation and the petrology of the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive: in Econ. Geol. v65 pp 122-155
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Naldrett A J, Hewins R H 1984 - The Main Mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds), The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey Spec. Vol. 1 pp 235-251
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Naldrett A J, Hewins R H, Dressler B O, 1984 - The Contact Sublayer of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds), The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey Spec. Vol. 1 pp 253-274
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Naldrett, A.J., Pessaran, R., Asif, M. and Li, C., 1994 - Compositional Variation in the Sudbury Ores and Prediction of the Proximity of Footwall Copper-PGE Orebodies: in Naldrett, A.J., Lightfoot, P.C. and Sheahan, P, (Eds.), The Sudbury - Norilsk Symposium, Ontario Geological Survey Special Vol. 5, pp. 133-143.
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Pentek A, Molnar F, Tuba G, Watkinson D H and Jones P C, 2013 - The Significance of Partial Melting Processes in Hydrothermal Low Sulfide Cu-Ni-PGE Mineralization Within the Footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada : in Econ. Geol. v.108 pp. 59-78
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Prevec S A, Cowan D R and Cooper G R J 2005 - Geophysical evidence for a pre-impact Sudbury dome, southern Superior Province, Canada: in Can. J. Earth Sci. v42 pp 1-9
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Rousell D H, Fedorowich J S, Dressler B O 2003 - Sudbury Breccia (Canada): a product of the 1850 Ma Sudbury Event and host to footwall Cu-Ni-PGE deposits: in Earth Science Reviews v60 pp 147-174
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Scott R G, Benn K 2002 - Emplacement of Sulfide deposits in the Copper Cliff Offset Dike during collapse of the Sudbury crater rim: evidence from magnetic fabric studies: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1447-1458
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Song, X., Wang, Y. and Chen, L., 2011 - Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in magma plumbing systems: Features, formation and exploration: in Geoscience Frontiers v.2, pp. 375-384.
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Szentpeteri K, Watkinson D H, Molnar F, Jones P C 2002 - Platinum-Group-Elements-Co-Ni-Fe Sulfarsenides and mineral paragenesis in Cu-Ni-Platinum-Group Element deposits, Copper Cliff North area, Sudbury, Canada: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1459-1470
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Therriault A M, Fowler A D, Grieve R A F 2002 - The Sudbury Igneous Complex: a differentiated impact melt sheet: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1521-1540
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Tuchscherer M G, Spray J G 2002 - Geology, mineralization and emplacement of the Foy Offset Dike, Sudbury Impact Structure: in Econ. Geol. v97 pp 1377-1397
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Wang, Y., Lesher, C.M., Lightfoot, P.C., Pattison, E.F. and Golightly, J.P., 2022 - Genesis of Sublayer, Footwall Breccia, and Associated Ni-Cu-Platinum Group Element Mineralization in the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in Econ. Geol. v.117, pp. 1791-1807. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4948.
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Wustemann, T., Gollner, P., Lightfoot, P.C. and Riller, U., 2019 - Genetic Relationship Between Postcratering Dynamics and Footwall Deposit Formation at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Importance for Sulfide Ore Exploration : in Econ. Geol. v.114, pp. 599-612.
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Porter GeoConsultancy Pty Ltd (PorterGeo) provides access to this database at no charge. It is largely based on scientific papers and reports in the public domain, and was current when the sources consulted were published. While PorterGeo endeavour to ensure the information was accurate at the time of compilation and subsequent updating, PorterGeo, its employees and servants: i). do not warrant, or make any representation regarding the use, or results of the use of the information contained herein as to its correctness, accuracy, currency, or otherwise; and ii). expressly disclaim all liability or responsibility to any person using the information or conclusions contained herein.
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